Whenever you install a new SSD or hard disk, the first thing you have to do is to partition it. A drive requires to have at least one partition before you can format it and store files on it.
In Linux, there are many tools that you can use to generate partitions, with fdisk being the most usually used one.
In this article, let us see about the fdisk command.
fdisk is a menu-driven command-line utility that enables you to design and manipulate partition tables on a hard disk.
Be aware that fdisk is a severe tool and should be used with absolute caution. Only root or users with sudo privileges can manage the partition tables.
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List Partitions
To list the partition table of a project, invoke the fdisk command with the -l option, followed by the device name. For example, to list the /dev/sda partition table and partitions, you would run:
$ fdisk -l /dev/sda
When no device is given as an argument, fdisk will print partition tables of all devices listed in the /proc/partitions file:
$ fdisk -l
Output: Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 232.91 GiB, 250059350016 bytes, 488397168 sectors Disk model: Samsung SSD 960 EVO 250GB Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 6907D1B3-B3AB-7E43-AD20-0707A656A1B5 Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/nvme0n1p1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System /dev/nvme0n1p2 1050624 34605055 33554432 16G Linux swap /dev/nvme0n1p3 34605056 488397134 453792079 216.4G Linux filesystem Disk /dev/sda: 465.78 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors Disk model: WDC WD5000AAKS-0 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0001cca3 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sda1 2048 976771071 976769024 465.8G 83 Linux
The output over shows the current partition tables of all devices that are connected to your system. Generally, SATA device signs follow the pattern /dev/sd[a-z], while NVMe device signs have the following pattern /dev/nvme[1-9]n[1-9].
Creating Partition Table
To start partitioning the drive, run fdisk with the device name. In this example, we will work on /dev/sdb:
fdisk /dev/sdb
The command prompt will vary, and the fdisk dialogue where you can type in commands will open:
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.34). Corrections will remain in memory only until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help):
Corrections you make to the partition table won't affect you until you write them with the w command. You can exit the fdisk dialogue without saving the changes using the q command.
To get a list of all available commands, enter m
(command m for help) m
If you are partitioning a new drive, you need to create a partition table before starting to create partitions. Skip this step if the device already has a partition table and you want to keep it.
fdisk supports several partitioning schemes. MBR and GPT are the two most popular partition scheme standards that store the partitioning information on a drive differently. GPT is a newer standard allowing and has many advantages over MBR. The main points to consider when choosing what partitioning standard to use:
- Use MBR to boot the disk in legacy BIOS mode.
- Use GPT to boot the disk in UEFI mode.
- The MBR standard supports creating a disk partition up to 2 TiB. If you have a disk of 2 TiB or larger, use GPT.
- MBR has a limit of 4 primary partitions. If you need more sections, one of the preceding sections can be set as an extended partition and hold additional logical partitions. With GPT, you can have up to 128 sections. GPT doesn’t support extended or logical partitions.
In this example, we will use a GPT partition table.
Enter g to create a new empty GPT partition table:
command (m for help) g
Output:
Created a new GPT disklabel (GUID: 4649EE36-3013-214E-961C-51A9187A7503).
The next step is to create the new partitions.
We will create two partitions. The first one with a size of 100 GiB, and the second one will take the rest of the disk space.
Run the n command to create a new partition:
command (m for help) n
You’ll be prompted to enter the partition number. Hit “Enter” to use the default value (1):
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
Next, the command will ask you to specify the first sector. Generally, it is always recommended to use the default values for the first value. Hit “Enter” to use the default value (2048):
First sector (2048-500118158, default 2048):
On the next prompt, you’ll need to enter the last sector. You can use an absolute value for the previous sector or relative importance to the start sector, using the + symbol following the partition size. The size can be specified in kibibytes (K), mebibytes (M), gibibytes (G), tebibytes (T), or pebibytes (P).
Enter +100G to set the partition size to 100 GiB:
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-500118158, default 500118158): +100G
Output: Created a new partition 1 of type' Linux filesystem' and size 100 GiB.
By default, the new partition type is set to “Linux filesystem,” which should be sufficient for most cases if you want to change the type, press l to get a list of partition types and then press t to change the style.
Let’s create the second partition that will take the rest of the disk space:
command (m for help) n
Partition number (2-128, default 2):
First sector (209717248-625142414, default 209717248):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (209717248-625142414, default 625142414):
Once done creating partitions, use the p command to display the new partition table:
command (m for help) p
Disk /dev/sdb: 298.9 GiB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 sectors
Disk model: nal USB 3.0
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: F8365250-AF58-F74E-B592-D56E3A5DEED1
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 209717247 209715200 100G Linux filesystem
/dev/sdb2 209717248 625142414 415425167 198.1G Linux filesystem
If you want to delete a partition, use the d command.
Save the changes by running the w command:
command (m for help) p
The command will write the table to disk and exit the fdisk menu.
Output: The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
The kernel will read the device partition table without the need to reboot the system.
Activating the Partitions
Now that the partitions have been created, the next step is to format the partitions and mount them to the system’s directory tree.
We’ll format both partitions to ext4: sudo mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/sdb1sudo mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/sdb2 mke2fs 1.45.5 (07-Jan-2020) Creating filesystem with 51928145 4k blocks and 12984320 inodes Filesystem UUID: 63a3457e-c3a1-43f4-a0e6-01a7dbe7dfed Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (262144 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
We will mount the partitions to /mnt/audio and /mnt/video directories in this example.
Create the mount points with mkdir :
sudo mkdir -p /mnt/audio /mnt/video
Mount the new partition:
sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/audio sudo mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/video
Partitions will stay mounted until you unmount it or shut down the machine. To automatically mount a partition when your Linux system starts up, define the mount in the /etc/fstab file.
That’s it! You can now use the new partitions to store your files.
Conclusion
fdisk is a command-line tool for creating partition schemes. For more information about the fdisk command, type man fdisk in your terminal.